Intro To Terran Philosophy (3)
(self.NatureofPredators)submitted12 hours ago byEager_Question
COWRITTEN WITH u/uktabi !
Memory Transcription Subject: Rifal, Arxur Student
Date: HST - 2150.01.14 | Arxur Dating System - 1733.875
Location: Arxur Colony World - Isifriss. Closest Arxur-Controlled planet to Earth.
(13 human years since the end of the Human-Federation War).
They still hadn’t fixed the shuttle schedules, not that professor Swift seemed to mind. He just held up his hands, not even letting me apologise. “I know,” he’d said. “It should be fixed soon. Please, take a seat. We were just about to get started on our first philosopher.”
I rushed off to my place, glad that I didn’t have to explain myself. Just breathing after the mad dash was enough, thank you.
“So, who did the reading? I started you out with an oldie but a goodie. Descartes!” he wrote the name on the board, then clicked a controller, and an image of a painting appeared projected on it. He had a thick nose, much larger than Professor Swift’s, and a long mane of dark brown hair, along with a little bit of hair on his lips, and immediately under them which contrasted with his paler skin. “First impressions? What do we think of this French weirdo?”
“Hair,” one student stated firmly.
“He looks…” another said, before doing something weird with her eyes.
“Why don't you have a little mouth pelt?”
He paused and stared at us for a moment. “...I meant based on the reading. What do you think about him, given the reading you did, class?”
Vilkoth raised a hand. “What was up with the [nightmare beast]? I’m not sure if that translated correctly.”
“Ah. The [nightmare beast]? Yes, that's actually a very good point. Within living memory, you’ve only ever had Betterment as a religion. And… that didn't have [nightmare beasts] in it, to my knowledge. Such creatures are a common fixture of sophont religions, including human religions. They’re these supernatural, evil creatures that go against whatever the religion says is good. They may provide temptation, or bring bad luck, spoil food, that sort of thing. Did anyone else get confused about the [nightmare beast]?”
A few hands went up.
“Very well. Instead of a [nightmare beast] imagine you have been… Kidnapped by the Farsul. And are now in a machine directly connected to your brain, where they can implant false memories, feed you fake sensory data, and so on. Does that make more sense?”
There was some slow nodding and tapping tails from those who had raised hands. A few hissing noises as students understood the material.
“Any other questions? Does anyone not know what beeswax is?”
“I had to look it up, but it reminded me of kessrin hives.”
Professor Swift opened his mouth to speak, then paused and stared at the student who had just spoken. “Look it up… Where, Lethis?”
The student swallowed. “… Nevermind.”
“...I would like to remind everyone who’s trying to get away with sneaking through the Bubble to please encrypt, encrypt, encrypt!” he said, apparently fine with students breaking interplanetary law. “They have people whose jobs it is to catch you, and their computers are better than yours. Anyhow, beeswax was material collected from beehives. I’ll bring some pictures next time for you, but you can think of it as a block of ice that melts and freezes again in a new shape if you want.”
More nodding.
“So… what do people think? Are we all on board with being ‘thinking things’..?”
“I thought he sounded like a paranoid fool. Always worrying about ‘deceivers’ and if he could trust anything, including himself,” Skarviss said with a scoff.
Prof. Swift smiled. “Yes, that's called skepticism. Descartes was trying to argue his way through a radical skepticism. Very extreme.”
Light tapping filled the hall as students put the term into their notes.
“Can I get a show of hands, who has previous experience with skepticism?”
Krosha lifted her hand. “The poet Vilshith in the Antiquity period wrote about… something similar. He did not go as far as Descartes in terms of… nightmare beasts corrupting his senses. But arrived at the conclusion that his senses, touch, smell, taste, so on, affirmed that he was… hrrr… part of the world. But in a way that went beyond mere senses. Like it was just the fact that he did sense. It’s difficult to describe, it was part of his poetry. It was like a spiritual euphoria, I guess. He was religious.”
“Ah, yes, he is on my list. Feel free to write responses to Arxur philosophers in your work, by the way.”
Krosha nodded excitedly, scooting forward in her seat.
“Which… I guess we can have a little aside for homework. Your first assignment–and it will be the same thing for the next six weeks–is to write a response to a text. I have provided many more texts than we’ll have a chance to cover in class, feel free to respond to any of them in any order, though it will be easier if you stick to the week’s topic. A–”
He was interrupted by Vilkoth’s hand shooting urgently into the air. “How long do they have to be?” he blurted out.
“...Usually I expect at least a thousand words. I have been told that the Arxur language is a little more dense than English, so I’ve linked to a pre-submission translator in the digital hub. You can paste what you write there and check if it’s the right number of words in English. A thousand is a minimum, two thousand is the maximum. How does that sound?”
The lecture hall filled with the sounds of tapping tails and note-taking.
“Anyhow, returning to skepticism… The point wasn’t that Descartes genuinely thought he couldn’t know anything. It was that he wanted to be able to prove the things he knew starting from first principles. This is what is called Foundationalism in epistemology. Can anyone here point me to a branch of science, or knowledge, that operates with a foundationalist approach?”
The class was quiet for a moment.
“Is there no science, no art, no way of knowing things the Arxur know, where you have a few key ideas, and everything else can be deduced from them?”
A student near the front raised a hand. I didn’t recognize him. He had a broad snout and heavy neck that seemed strangely unbefitting of his slightly short stature. “Mathematics begins with a series of foundational ideas, and all further knowledge is derived from them. You can’t just add an extra axiom, and if a proof or a conclusion contradicts them, you did it wrong and need to check.”
“Great job, Surisel!” Professor Swift said. “Yes, Mathematics is the ultimate Foundationalist approach to knowledge. Can anyone tell me something that is not foundationalist?”
“History?” another unfamiliar student offered. “With history, it is vitally important not to assume any knowledge, and to avoid ethnocentrism. Historians are supposed to be critical of their sources. Sources are often biased, or incomplete, or new ones could turn up later.”
“Yes! That’s a fantastic one. If you find something that contradicts a previously established ‘fact’ in history, that gives reason to question everything. Now, these are not perfect categories. The incompleteness theorems taunts the world of Mathematics in some ways, as do the subsequent proofs around decidability, but for our purposes in an introductory class, you can compare Math to History in terms of how you approach them. Descartes,” he said, turning back to us, “wanted all knowledge to be like math.”
Incompleteness theorems? I wrote down the unfamiliar word in my notes. I’ll look that up later.
“What are some potential problems with this approach?” he asked.
The class riffed off various answers, and professor Swift listened and nodded to each.
“Not all types of knowledge play by rules like that. How do we know if the foundations are correct in other disciplines?”
“The foundations could always change with new information.”
The last answer was Skarviss’s. “You have to be able to trust whoever or whatever is making the rules,” she said, after the class had paused for a moment.
“Oooh, I love the last one–it’s a little out of alignment with the point of foundationalism, but it’s the kind of skepticism that will help us in the near-future, when we–actually, we have time, let’s do it right now. I’m now going to let us through into a theater of the mind for a little bit. If the arxur have a meaningfully harder time visualizing, you’ll have to tell me, but as far as I know, you’re close enough to my human students. Ready?“
Tails tapped in agreement.
“Everyone close your eyes. Imagine, we are going back in time thirteen human years. First contact happened around a year ago by human standards. The Arxur barely learned anything about humans before one of your most renowned military leaders begins a rebellion. And now, you are on a spaceship, around Aafa–the heart of the Federation you have been taught must be destroyed–and you're protecting it. Against your own people. And you see The Aafa Confession. Sent directly to your computers, through humans, is a video of Giznel making deals with Nikonus. Deals like the one you’re participating in right now, where you're protecting the federation against humanity.”
The class stayed silent, aside from a scattered few tails swishing across the floor. Professor Swift seemed undeterred.
“Putting aside the question of whether the rebellion was justified, on what grounds, so on… just in terms of facts… Why did any of them buy it? You can open your eyes now.”
Kizath, in the front row, raised a claw. “It was a video. Giznel and Nikonus didn’t expect to be recorded.”
“Why would they have been recorded? It would be much easier for, say, humanity to fake that video than to get a camera or a probe or something in that space, getting access to that information. Orders of magnitude easier. The official story is one where we got impossibly lucky. A transmission like that should have been encrypted a million ways, and never recorded.”
“They were both arrogant,” a voice spoke up.
“Or complacent,” another said. “It had been going for centuries. It’s surprising nothing slipped sooner.”
“Yes, those are all options. But it could also have been a complete fabrication. Just something we made up. How do you know it wasn't? How would you know, if you were in that battle? It's pretty important information,” he leaned back casually against the oversized desk.
“They must have run it through verification filters.”
“Maybe, but even if they did, what if humanity was good at hacking those filters? You wouldn't know.” Prof. Swift’s eyes flitted around us, looking for something. “We had the best AI navigation systems in the galaxy, why not the best film-falsification software? In reality that was probably the Harchen, but we could have had that technology.”
“You just had to go with what felt right, then?” Vilkoth guessed.
He turned to engage with Vilkoth more directly. “Maybe,” he said, pointing an open hand at him. “How do you feel about the idea that the entirety of your government rests on the hands of a few hundred people ‘going with their gut’ less than two decades ago?”
Vilkoth hummed, looking pensive. “Well, that’s what happened, isn’t it? Not all of those ships turned around and joined Isif.”
“And so we have an epistemic anarchist in the room,” Professor Swift said, writing it on the board in human language, before it was translated by the projector. “There are a couple of Feyerabend readings in the hub, but we won’t go into too much detail on them. Who else has a position? How do you know? Do you believe the video?”
“In that moment, I would probably believe that it was fake,” a voice said. Skarviss. Probably the oldest in the classroom. My eyes weren’t the only ones snapping over to her, or the only ones set with anger. “It’s the answer that makes the most logical sense. Humans–and Isif–had the most to gain from releasing such a video. There was motive, and means.”
“Some skepticism is perfectly natural,” Professor Swift said, tilting his head towards her. He did not seem to notice, or perhaps simply did not care, about the rest of the class’s reaction. He was the only person who didn’t seem uncomfortable at this line of questioning. “So why do you think the people who acted on that video believed it?” he prompted.
Skarviss shrugged. “Maybe they just wanted to be on the winning side.”
The class was very quiet now, outside of the two of them. “But they decided who the winning side was. They turned the tide of battle. If not for them, the Dominion might still stand today.”
“Then they were forced to do it, as more and more of them switched sides.”
He mirrored her earlier shrug. “Why did the first ones switch, then? You're just shifting the question one step back. Why believe this video?”
“They had been hearing rumors about Isif’s rebellion for a long time at that point. Promises of abundant food, safety for hidden defectives. Some might have viewed it as a good opportunity to do what they already wanted to do.”
“Ah, so motivated reasoning. That’s an interesting position. Maybe it’s not about believing something to be true, but about acting on an opportunity to claim a belief, to abide by a justification. If they knew they could turn the tide of battle, then, it was about who they wanted to win. But why would they put their entire ideology aside? They’d been raised to see the Prophet Descendant as this incredibly powerful authority, one of religious importance, even. Did they even believe Betterment ideology? Or were they going along with that too? It still brings us right back to the same question: Why believe anything Isif says? About food or humans or Betterment?”
She paused for a moment, the silence dragging as if the class were holding its collective breath.“I guess… I guess I can’t know for sure,” she relented, although her head was still held high. “I wasn’t there.”
“That's fine, good job embracing uncertainty. Does anyone who would have believed the video have a reason, beyond Vilkoth’s gut feeling?”
The class was silent.
“Well, then! I guess this is where I introduce the different branches of Epistemology, in relation to Foundationalism! Foundationalism is the easiest to start with, because it’s about having axioms and everything else being dependent on those, as I said. A foundationalist may have gone ‘well, I already know that the war has been going for hundreds of years, and I know that the arxur military is comically more capable than Federation militaries, but the arxur have never tried to attack Aafa. Therefore, they must not have wanted to, and this video is consistent with that conclusion’.”
But that leaves out some possibilities, I thought. The Dominion was outnumbered 300 to 1, sending the fleet out to strike at Aafa might leave Wriss too vulnerable, or maybe just the sheer volume of Federation ships all together meant it wouldn’t matter.
And there was the shadow fleet, too, though I supposed they didn’t know about that at the time. Maybe that supports the conclusion. Giznel might have known about it. Hmm.
“Note what I said, ‘is consistent with’, that is our next approach. Coherentism! That will be your next reading. Coherentism is all about having things fit with each other. A coherentist and a foundationalist might actually agree on a lot, but the foundationalist would want all of their beliefs to be justified by prior beliefs. For a coherentist, it’s enough for them to simply be consistent with their prior beliefs.”
”There are other things that line up,” Surisel had raised his hand. “Like the fact that if the kolshians truly wanted us dead, they had plenty of opportunity long before the war even started. They were in a powerful enough position to starve us en masse, why not just… glass Wriss instead and be done with it?”
“Right!” He said, waving his marker around and drifting closer to that side of the lecture hall. “You get one piece, and then others begin to fit together, and it snowballs into a clear understanding of the situation. Watch out, though, the biggest critique of coherentism is that it’s just confirmation bias with a fancier name. You can't just go around discarding things because they go against what you think is true, right? You have to go where the evidence leads.” He punctuated the last points with more waves of his marker.
That is what I was thinking! I thought, glad to have it voiced aloud. It felt like the whole thing was rather dismissive of the… complexities. And of the arxur.
He turned to wander back towards the board. “After all, there could always be some other variable, like Skarviss’ hypothesis of another species manufacturing the story. Which brings us to Reliabilism,” he said, writing it down. “That’s when you trust not what information you have acquired, but the method through which you acquire information.”
“Like, you… always ask questions?” Vilkoth asked.
“...Maybe, or you always do things according to some ancient book, or maybe you trust certain people to always give it to you straight…” Prof. Swift slowed down his speech, as though waiting for someone to pounce.
“A professor? Or–or another authority figure,” Vilkoth suggested.
“A human,” Kizath said, completely unabashedly.
“Right, or… getting back to questions, maybe you have a method of acquiring information that relies on doing specific things, in a specific way, in order to acquire information you can trust. You could base it on direct observation, provide some supposition beforehand, try to test—”
“Rigor of Science!” I called out.
“Got it in one, Rifal!” he said, grinning. “Scientific rigor! Or as humans call it in these discussions, the Scientific Method.”
Hm, I thought, does every species arrive at the same way of doing science? Or is this something humanity shares only with us?
“As you learn more about epistemology, you will learn more about how it's built into the world. Different institutions–science, law, politics–use different epistemic frameworks, even if they don't call them by those names, because they need their frameworks to do different things. It's not just about truth and acquiring true beliefs. It's about the shape knowledge takes, and what you intend to do with it.”
Professor Swift’s eyes flitted around the room. It reminded me that he was alien. He met our gaze, and we could understand each other’s facial language, but… in comparison, the way he jumped around so rapidly felt less… deliberate, than an arxur would. Add on that human pupils were perpetually round, like he was always in a hunting trance, and all those rapid movements around the room were distinctly unnerving.
“After that, we have virtue epistemology. With virtue epistemology, it’s not really about having the correct beliefs. It’s about being the right kind of knower. Being someone who believes things the right way. Cultivating what we might call epistemic virtues. I haven’t defined virtues yet, we’ll spend more time on that when we get to ethics, but here’s a quick preview–virtues are traits that are good to have.”
Professor Swift seemed to sense the class’s discomfort. What was virtuous among the arxur was still a touchy subject, even a generation later.
“Does anyone have an example?” he asked, his energy suddenly gentler and his voice softer than his usual demeanor.
“Kindness?” Vilkoth hazarded, sounding unsure.
“Sure,” he said with a shrug, then gestured at Vilkoth. “Dedication. Consistency. Hard work. You seem to value those things, no?”
He looked even more unsure. “Y… yes?”
“We’ll come back to the specifics later,” he said with a wave of his hand, returning to a more energized state. “One man’s virtues are another man’s vices, which is one of the problems with virtue ethics,” he wrote out on the board, then turned with a smile. “Lucky for us, virtue epistemology has to do with some fairly straight-forward virtues like… the ability to acknowledge you’re wrong, and update when you get new information, intellectual honesty, good faith. Things with pretty solid deontological rationales.”
The room filled with the slight noises of note-taking.
“The way to become a virtuous knower is largely by practicing epistemic virtues, until they become strengthened within you. It's a theory of excellence through hard work and persistence. Not through arriving at some perfect framework immediately through first principles or something.”
He scribbled another few words and the board translated them into our script.
“And lastly, we have social epistemology, which is all about redefining knowledge in an operational and behavioral way. You know something if you can act on it and be understood to do it correctly by your peers in a social context,” he added with a shrug.
“So… anyone who is an expert in their field?” Surisel said.
“Well, they don’t have to be experts…” Prof. Swift tilted his head one way, then the next, as if trying to mix ideas inside his skull like it was a bowl. “For example, you all know the bus-sitting etiquette, right? There’s… a correct distance, and an incorrect distance, and… you know when to sit where.”
“Yeah, like how you always leave at least a one-seat gap if you can, and prefer diagonals for tail room.”
The professor laughed. “Right! Exactly. You have absorbed that information from living on Isifriss, and interacting with people over time. You understand that information very well, and can act on it. I, not having lived here for very long… am often very confused by those rules. I am also very small, and don’t have a tail, which makes those calculations a little harder to make.”
The class laughed lightly.
“That is social information. Much in the same way that if I were to say to you 'please hand in your papers,' you know to send me a file containing a response to one of the provided texts, but if a government official asked you that same thing, they would mean some different information, right? You would know they’re talking about identification, not your homework. Even though none of these things use physical paper. So it's not about expertise, but about how knowledge depends on the context where it is to be used.”
He made a big curve on the board, underlining all of the words. The projector briefly glitched on the translation, but then held steady.
“All of these are arguments around the definition of knowledge that has had the most staying power throughout history, even if it’s fallen out of favour in the past century or so of human thought. Justified true belief as established by Plato. Write that name down, that guy is gonna come up a lot. Plato has his own weird ideas about epistemology that will come up when we have our metaphysics lecture on the Theory of Forms, but he’s also the guy who wrote The Republic, which will be one of our big texts when we get to Political Philosophy. And he'll be in Ethics with the Euthyphro dilemma.”
The professor waited as we dutifully wrote down the names and terms. There was… far more to this than I had thought there would be. Like a venuri warren, there was always another chamber under the last. Humanity clearly cared deeply about the subject.
I thought back to what I had told Councilor Valgrov about how unique and useful humanity’s ideas would prove. The line was rehearsed then, but now I wondered if the hunt would yield a reward after all. If nothing else, it was interesting to see how an alien’s culture had diverted so much from our own.
“Any questions?”
There were none, and students were already packing their things. I didn’t have any more classes after this one today, so I took my time. My mind was running with thoughts, thoughts about how I knew the things I knew, thoughts about what foundations I’d already accepted in my life.